Out of the Ether

As a 1960s teen in Kenosha, Wisconsin, I took refuge in voices from the night. 

The glow of vacuum tubes. Image by Christopher Schirner. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.

The warm vacuum tubes in my small radio cast gleams through vents in the radio’s back, orangeing up the wall by my bed, as I harkened to heralds of tranquility, plucked from the ether, lulling me to sleep. 

Life was fraught: exacting teachers at school, crabby parents at home, classmates who always seemed to be cooler, more knowing, more confident—some actively hostile and others petty or dismissive. My days and evenings could be a mass of anxiety, hopped up by juke jive urging me to shake, rattle, and roll, consult my friend the witch doctor, and never dare step on anyone’s blue suede shoes. 

Then there was homework, a grind all its own. By ten o’clock, I was wrung out, ready for seductive sounds from the ether. 

“Ether?” I hear you cry. “What’s with all this ether, O New Favorite Writer? Are you telling us you were under anesthesia?”

Poster for 2014 scifi film The Came from the Ether. Fair use.

Not that kind of ether. Were I sedated, how could I be soothed any further by sounds coming from my radio? 

No, Gentle Reader. “Ether” is a long-discredited theory of physics that is still quite useful in talking about electromagnetic radiation. Radio, television, and radar travel through space as waves. But how can they travel if there is nothing to wave? In the ocean, waves are made of water. But in the wide reaches of the cosmos, there is only emptiness. So what is it, exactly, that waves? Simple: The ether, a nonsubstantial, non-existent substance that is everywhere but not anywhere. Radio waves ride it.

Our ether today is pierced by quadrigazillions of impulses careening around, each in its own tidy compartment, apt for reception if only one has the right equipment. It’s conceivable that all these invisible things lacing through our bodies at the speed of light might be unbalancing us.

But in those days of which I speak, every human on the planet did not have a pocketable telephone-cum-data center; there were only thirteen TV channels; and geosynchronous satellites blanketing the earth with their spoor existed only in the fevered imagination of Arthur C. Clarke. Most of what burdened the ether was just broadcast, amateur, and military radio signals, a bit of commercial TV, aviation-related radar, and telephone-related microwaves. Hardly anything at all.

Jay Andres. Photo from Speakingofradio.com. Fair use.

It was not too hard to pick out the dulcet tones of Jay Andres coming out of Chicago with “Music Till Dawn” on WBBM radio. Jay was urbane yet intimate. His voice conveyed friendliness with a kind of relaxed sophistication. He strung semi-classical, soft pop, and light jazz music together around loose verbal themes expounded with elegance. From time to time he spoke of the professional standards and sterling safety record of his sponsor, American Airlines. Before I ever took my first commercial flight, I was convinced down to my boot-tops that American was the plane to fly.

John Doremus. Behindthevoiceactors.com. Fair use.

The lilting, stringy, romance-tinged music, combined with the savoir-faire of our knowing host, helped me go into an untroubled, relaxing sleep.

Much the same could be said for John Doremus, with “Patterns in Music” on WMAQ. The same kind of thing, but a different voice—maybe a bit deeper and smoother than Jay’s, not quite as friendly and informal, but still a deep comfort. Worth listening to any night. 

These troubadors of the Midwestern ether played Tin Pan Alley standards, Broadway tunes, and a smattering of jazz—always in mellifluous instrumental renditions. They were high-grade professional announcers from radio’s heyday, whose plummy voices gave them large fan bases of their own. 

Franklyn MacCormack. From Discogs.com. Fair use.

MacCormack interspersed the usual tunes with romantic—nay, schmaltzy—poetry readings. His standard opening was: “Why do I love you? I love you not only for what you are, but for what I am when I am with you. . . ” intoned over Billy Vaughn’s weeping strings playing “Melody of Love.”  Franklyn purveyed reminiscences of old-time entertainers like Stoopnagle and Budd, as well as personal impressions of summer days at Wisconsin Dells as a guest of Tommy Bartlett. A perennial theme was the virtues of Meister Brau, a working-man’s beer from Chicago’s Peter Hand Brewing Company. “Meister Brau gives you more of what you drink beer for,” Franklyn would say. “It only tastes expensive.” 

An ad for Meister Brau. Public domain.

(Franklyn MacCormack was only his radio name, by the way. His real birth name was–get this–Franklin McCormick.)

While Jay Andres combined friendship with sophistication, and John Doremus delivered straight-from-the-shoulder baritone authority, Franklyn MacCormack sounded like a hale fellow well met. You could imagine him swilling a glass or two of his sponsor’s product while spinning records and looking up drippy poems to read. 

They were competitors, but all-night radio in Chicagoland was a small fraternity. A few months after MacCormack’s death in 1971, John Doremus took over his nocturnal duties at WGN, sponsored now by a savings bank, rather than a beer company. What listener would want to buy a round of suds for the buttoned-down Doremus?

I’m sure I was not the only teenaged boy listening to these soporific all-night deejays. Some of my college friends shared fond memories of them as well. In fact, at our college radio station, there was a kind of competition among several of us to see who could be the best Franklyn MacCormack. I did a program called “Music in the Night,” and—guess what?—I read poetry.

If you were not there, Dear Reader, you don’t know about it, but there was a sort of magic in the sounds and impressions that reached us late at night over the lightly-trod ether of the 1960s. Ethereal? Maybe. A lifeline? Definitely.

Blessings,

Larry F. Sommers

Your New Favorite Writer

Add Pictures and Stir

Guglielmo Marconi, in 1896, figured out how to send Morse’s telegraphic code through the air, over great distances, without wires. 

Guglielmo Marconi. Photographer unknown. Public Domain.

Microphones, also invented in the late 19th century by a series of audio pioneers, were added to the radio signal, and by the 1930s commercial radio had become an established medium. Popular programs included The Lone Ranger, Amos ’n’ Andy, and the National Barn Dance.

Antique radio, photographed by Doug Coldwell, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. 

After supper, American families now sat around large wooden boxes warmed by the orange glow of vacuum tubes to hear concerts, dramas, comedies, mysteries, westerns, news, and quiz shows. Your New Favorite Writer remembers it, Dear Reader. When I was a boy, in the Fifties, “old-time radio” was still going strong. 

But the seeds of its destruction had been sown. Somebody—a group of somebodies, actually—figured out how to transmit motion pictures using radio waves. 

At the end of World War II in 1945, almost nobody owned a television set. By 1955—only ten years later—almost nobody did not own a television set. 

Continuity is a recurring theme in human affairs. The first automobiles resembled horse-drawn buggies or carriages, with a combustion engine taking the place of the horse. 

Early TV set, an RCA Model 630-TS, sold in 1946-47. Photo by Fletcher6, licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

Likewise, the first TV sets were built like radios: lovely mahogany furniture filled with vacuum tubes, with the addition of a luminous picture tube, the front surface of which served as a screen. That one extra tube brought moving pictures of the world to us in glorious black-and-white. 

Continuity of design ruled content as well. The early television shows were often just radio programs with pictures added.

Cowboys and Indians

Moore and Silverheels as the Lone Ranger and Tonto. ABC photo, Public Domain.

The Lone Ranger and his “faithful Indian companion” Tonto galloped across our living room three nights a week on ABC Radio. When TV came along, they became movie stars, their cinematic exploits piped into our homes once a week on Saturday mornings. 

George W. Trendle produced both the radio and television series, but other personnel changed. On radio, Brace Beemer played the Lone Ranger and John Todd played Tonto. But Beemer was only marginally photogenic, so Clayton Moore was hired to wear a mask and ride the great horse Silver, while authentic Native American Jay Silverheels took over the Tonto role. He looked the part.

Gunsmoke was another western that began on radio and switched to TV. Manly-voiced radio actor William Conrad played U.S. Marshal Matt Dillon. But Conrad was inescapably rotund, so he was replaced in the TV series by tall, lanky James Arness.

William Conrad. CBS Radio photo, Public Domain.
James Arness. CBS Television photo, Public Domain.

What’s a Question Worth?

The radio quiz show show Take It or Leave It premiered in 1940 and rapidly became popular. Wikipedia describes its format perfectly: “Contestants selected from the audience were asked questions. After answering a question correctly, the contestant had the choice to ‘take’ the prize for that question or ‘leave it’ in favor of a chance at the next question. The first question was worth $1, and the value doubled for each successive question, up to the seventh and final question worth $64.”

Because of the show’s popularity, “That’s the sixty-four dollar question” became a widely-used catchphrase applied to any especially difficult conundrum. 

When something you have created becomes a household word, use it. Take It or Leave It changed its title in 1950 to The $64 Question. The program went off the air two years later.

But in 1955, CBS revived The $64 Question as a television show, hosted by actor Hal March. The producers added three zeroes and called it The $64,000 Question. It was the first big-money game show. For that kind of dough, they made the questions hard.

IBM card sorter, 1955. Photo by Atomic Taco, licensed under CC-BY-SA-2.0.

For TV, they added visual gimmicks to the program. When a contestant chose the category to compete in, a lovely young lady pushed the start button on an IBM card sorter—at that time the most decorative aspect of computer technology. The machine whirred and shuffled. The lovely assistant scooped up a deck of IBM cards from the end of the sorter and delivered the deck to Hal March. 

It seemed that an all-knowing machine, the computer, had spun out a graduated series of questions on the spur of the moment. A modern marvel!

There was another gimmick: Once a contestant reached the $8,000 level, he or she was sequestered in an “isolation booth,” able to hear only the quizmaster. It was show biz, folks.

Dr. Joyce Brothers in 1957. World Telegram photo by Phyllis Twacht. Public Domain.

The show spawned imitators: The $64,000 Challenge, Twenty-One, The Big Surprise, Dotto, and Tic-Tac-Dough—all quiz shows with tough questions and high stakes. We TV watchers could not get enough of shows like that. They made instant heroes of brainy people nobody had heard of before. People like eleven-year-old science wizard Rob Strom; polymath Teddy Nadler, a St. Louis stock clerk who made $264,000 answering questions across a broad range of categories; and everybody’s favorite, psychologist Joyce Brothers, a demure young blonde with an uncanny knowledge of boxing. All us regular folks out in TV-land were deeply impressed.

What’s an Answer Worth?

Then, in August 1958, CBS cancelled Dotto without explanation. A federal probe revealed a contestant had been given answers in advance. The G-men expanded their inquiries and found hanky-panky going on in several shows. The bloom was off the rose for big-money game shows. They all went off the air that fall and did not return until forty years later (Who Wants To Be a Millionaire?, 1998).

Soon after, in 1959, the U.S. Congress launched grim hearings exposing “payola.” The Congressmen were shocked, shocked!, to learn that record companies were paying radio disc jockeys to plug their records, manufacturing smash hits by the simple expedient of playing them more often than other records. This actually might have been legal had the source of funding been disclosed; but it was not.

The quiz show scandals, followed soon by the payola scandals, were a one-two punch to the solar plexis and jaw of Middle America. Perhaps not since the Black Sox scandal of 1919 has the American public been so let down. (“Say it ain’t so, Joe!”)

It was hard to know exactly how we’d been cheated. The quiz shows, after all, were entertainment. Seeing all these smart people answer tough questions was engrossing and entertaining, even it it was rigged. After all, for years we’d been watching professional wrestling, which everybody knew was rigged. We liked it anyway.

Likewise, the smash hits produced by the payola system were great songs. We still play them on the oldies stations today. Did anybody really care how they made their way onto the air? 

Still, there was something unsettling about unseen people manipulating contests we had no reason to think were not on the square. Our stubborn innocence was under attack.

I’m not sure it has ever recovered. 

A Ray of Hope

Fortunately for all of us, Jack Benny remained steadfastly on the air, first on radio, then TV.

Benny and cast members, 1946. Public Domain.

Be sure to tune in next week.

Blessings,

Larry F. Sommers

Your New Favorite Writer

Author of Price of Passage—A Tale of Immigration and Liberation.

Price of Passage

Norwegian Farmers and Fugitive Slaves in Pre-Civil War Illinois

(History is not what you thought!)